Canine
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Rabies is a disease that represents a virulent in all mammals, dogs as well as cattle through the bite of a wild animal suffering from rabies, infected person after an incubation period 3-4 weeks, spasms, drooling, paralysis, etc. is a fatal zoonotic infectious disease eventually leading to death within 2 to 3 days showing the nervous symptoms.
1. Agent
Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus
Infection route : proliferate in infection site (bite muscle) → invade peripheral nerves through the spinal cord (show the wild attack reflected hyperactivity in this period) in the cerebral cortex hyperplasia → hyperplasia virus has spread into one body through the nerves → the virus is grown in large quantities released into saliva by the salivary gland cells.
2. Epidemiology
In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990. The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa. India has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs, whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs. Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is also hindered by a form of mass hysteria known as puppy pregnancy syndrome (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS (both male and female) become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from faith healers rather than from conventional medical services. In cases where the bite was from a rabid dog, this decision can prove fatal. Dr. Nitai Kishore Marik, former district medical officer of West Midnapur, states "I have seen scores of cases of rabies that reached our hospitals very late because of the intervention of faith healers. We could not save those lives." An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India — more than a third of the global toll. As of 2007, Vietnam had the second-highest rate, followed by Thailand; in these countries, the virus is primarily transmitted through canines (feral dogs and other wild canine species). Another source of rabies in Asia is the pet boom. In 2006 China introduced population control for dogs in Beijing.
The rabies virus survives in widespread, varied, rural fauna reservoirs. It is present in the animal populations of almost every country in the world except Australia and New Zealand. Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is similar to rabies and is believed to be prevalent in native bat populations.
In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, a practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of Canada, France, and the United States. In Montréal, Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mont-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, and cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control. In Ontario, a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign was launched.
Rabies is common among wild animals in the US. Bats, raccoons, skunks and foxes account for almost all reported cases (98% in 2009). Rabid bats are found in all 48 contiguous states. Other reservoirs are more limited geographically; for example, the raccoon rabies virus variant is only found in a relatively narrow band along the East Coast. Due to a high public awareness of the virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of postexposure prophylaxis, incidents of rabies in humans are very rare. A total of 49 cases of the disease was reported in the country between 1995 and 2011; of these, 11 are thought to have been acquired abroad. Almost all domestically acquired cases are attributed to bat bites.
In Switzerland, the disease has been virtually eradicated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live attenuated vaccine in the Swiss Alps. The foxes of Switzerland, proven to be the main source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and immunized themselves.
3. Cinical Signs
. Incubation Period : 3∼4 weeks
. Symptoms : After an incubation period of appetite, anxiety, behavior or later, it seems the symptoms of hiding in the dark (1-2 days), then drooling, aggressive neurological symptoms, such as nervous signs show the symptoms (2-4 days), abnormal crying ataxia, dehydration, and paralyzed the state of consciousness (1-2 days) and mortality.
4. Prevention and Treatment
1) Prevention ( Vaccination )
The station that rabies occurs must be vaccinated annually to all cattle and dogs. In general, vaccination is the primary vaccination at the age of 3-4 months of age, and vaccination carried out once reinforcement every year. In the case of pregnant cattle, and generally, but not to the vaccination, in principle it is determined according to the seriousness of the work.
2) When occurrs
First it should be reported to the competent authorities. Generating alarm, immediately vaccinated, if only we continue to vaccinate does not have to inoculation.
1. Agent
Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus
Infection route : proliferate in infection site (bite muscle) → invade peripheral nerves through the spinal cord (show the wild attack reflected hyperactivity in this period) in the cerebral cortex hyperplasia → hyperplasia virus has spread into one body through the nerves → the virus is grown in large quantities released into saliva by the salivary gland cells.
2. Epidemiology
In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990. The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa. India has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs, whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs. Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is also hindered by a form of mass hysteria known as puppy pregnancy syndrome (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS (both male and female) become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from faith healers rather than from conventional medical services. In cases where the bite was from a rabid dog, this decision can prove fatal. Dr. Nitai Kishore Marik, former district medical officer of West Midnapur, states "I have seen scores of cases of rabies that reached our hospitals very late because of the intervention of faith healers. We could not save those lives." An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India — more than a third of the global toll. As of 2007, Vietnam had the second-highest rate, followed by Thailand; in these countries, the virus is primarily transmitted through canines (feral dogs and other wild canine species). Another source of rabies in Asia is the pet boom. In 2006 China introduced population control for dogs in Beijing.
The rabies virus survives in widespread, varied, rural fauna reservoirs. It is present in the animal populations of almost every country in the world except Australia and New Zealand. Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is similar to rabies and is believed to be prevalent in native bat populations.
In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, a practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of Canada, France, and the United States. In Montréal, Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mont-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, and cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control. In Ontario, a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign was launched.
Rabies is common among wild animals in the US. Bats, raccoons, skunks and foxes account for almost all reported cases (98% in 2009). Rabid bats are found in all 48 contiguous states. Other reservoirs are more limited geographically; for example, the raccoon rabies virus variant is only found in a relatively narrow band along the East Coast. Due to a high public awareness of the virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of postexposure prophylaxis, incidents of rabies in humans are very rare. A total of 49 cases of the disease was reported in the country between 1995 and 2011; of these, 11 are thought to have been acquired abroad. Almost all domestically acquired cases are attributed to bat bites.
In Switzerland, the disease has been virtually eradicated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live attenuated vaccine in the Swiss Alps. The foxes of Switzerland, proven to be the main source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and immunized themselves.
3. Cinical Signs
. Incubation Period : 3∼4 weeks
. Symptoms : After an incubation period of appetite, anxiety, behavior or later, it seems the symptoms of hiding in the dark (1-2 days), then drooling, aggressive neurological symptoms, such as nervous signs show the symptoms (2-4 days), abnormal crying ataxia, dehydration, and paralyzed the state of consciousness (1-2 days) and mortality.
4. Prevention and Treatment
1) Prevention ( Vaccination )
The station that rabies occurs must be vaccinated annually to all cattle and dogs. In general, vaccination is the primary vaccination at the age of 3-4 months of age, and vaccination carried out once reinforcement every year. In the case of pregnant cattle, and generally, but not to the vaccination, in principle it is determined according to the seriousness of the work.
2) When occurrs
First it should be reported to the competent authorities. Generating alarm, immediately vaccinated, if only we continue to vaccinate does not have to inoculation.
